Jeff Kavanaugh

Practical
Sustainability
Endnotes

CHAPTER 1

  1. Nikolas Kozloff, No Rain in the Amazon: How South America’s Climate Change Affects the Entire Planet (New York: St. Martin’s Publishing Group, 2010), 53. 
  2. Carl F. Jordan, “Amazon Rain Forests: Although Similar in Structure to Forests in Other Regions, Amazon Rain Forests Function Very Differently, with Important Implications for Forest Management,” American Scientist 70, no. 4, 1982, pp. 394–401, www.jstor.org/stable/27851547?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. 
  3. Jonas Gregorio de Souza, Denise Pahl Schaan, Mark Robinson et al., “Pre-Columbian Earth-Builders Settled Along the Entire Southern Rim of the Amazon,” Nature Communications 9, no. 1125, March 27, 2018, www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03510-7. 
  4. Monica Prestes, “Black Earth: The Amazon’s Sustainable Farming Legacy,” Diálogo Chino, May 16, 2019, https://dialogochino.net/en/agriculture/26853-black-earth-the-amazons-sustainable-farming- legacy/. 
  5. Ibid. 
  6. Ibid. 
  7. Clare Fieseler, “Mysterious Island Experiment Could Help
    Us Colonize Other Planets,” National Geographic, May 7, 2017, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/ascension-island- terraformed-biology-evolution-conservation. 
  8. W. B. Turrill, Pioneer Plant Geography: The Phytogeographical Researches of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Springer (1953), www.springer.com/gp/book/9789401766975. 
  9. “Secrets of the Garden,” National Geographic, accessed August 26, 2021, www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/slideshow/sponsor- content-royal-botanic-gardens-kew-london-england-united-. 
  10. Fieseler, “Mysterious Island Experiment Could Help Us Colonize Other Planets.” 
  11. “The Size of the World Population Over the Last 12,000 Years,” World Population Growth, Our World in Data, accessed August 15, 2021, https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth. 
  12. “Global Primary Energy Consumption by Source,” Global Energy Consumption, Our World in Data, accessed August 15, 2021, https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption. 
  13. Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O’Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones et al., “Global Carbon Budget 2020,” Earth System Science Data, December 11, 2020, https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/3269/2020/#abstract. 
  14. Klaus Schwab, Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy that Works for Progress, People and Planet (New Jersey: Wiley, 2021), xiii. 
  15. Ibid. 
  16. Thin Lei Win, “We Can’t Tackle the Climate Change Crisis without
    Changing Construction. Here’s Why,” World Economic Forum, January 4, 2021, www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/planet-warming-emissions-buildings-construction-climate-goals-risk. 
  17. “Sharing an Equitable and Sustainable Digital Future,” Infosys, 2021, www.infosys.com/sustainability/documents/infosys-esg- report-2020-21.pdf. 
  18. Brian C. Lines et al., “Overcoming Resistance to Change
    in Engineering and Construction,” International Journal of
    Project Management    , January 2015, www.researchgate.net/ publication/271448451_Overcoming_resistance_to_change_in_ engineering_and_construction_Change_management_factors_for_ owner_organizations. 
  19. Michael G. Jacobides and Martin Reeves, “Adapt Your Business to the New Reality,” Harvard Business Review, Sept.–Oct. 2020, https:// hbr.org/2020/09/adapt-your-business-to-the-new-reality. 
  20. Ed O’Boyle, “4 Things Gen Z and Millennials Expect From
    Their Workplace,” Gallup, March 30, 2021, www.gallup.com/ workplace/336275/things-gen-millennials-expect-workplace.aspx. 
  21. Karianne Gomez, Tiffany Mawhinney, and Kimberly Betts, “Welcome to Generation Z,” Deloitte, accessed August 26, 2021, www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/consumer-business/welcome-to-gen-z.pdf. 
  22. Andrew Bloomenthal and Margaret James, “Capacity Management,” Investopedia, December 30, 2020, www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capacity-management.asp. 
  23. “Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals,” Sustainable Development, United Nations, accessed August 16, 2021, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development- goals/. 
  24. “Welcome to GRI,” Global Reporting Initiative, accessed August 16, 2021, https://www.globalreporting.org/. 
  25. MoneyShow, “Socially-Responsible Investing: Earn Better Returns From Good Companies,” Forbes, August 16, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/moneyshow/2017/08/16/socially-responsible-investing-earn-better-returns-from-good-companies/?sh=649e6da7623d. 
  26. “The Paris Agreement,” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, accessed August 16, 2021, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement. 
  27. Corey Glickman and Jeff Kavanaugh, “Attract Talent and Conserve Resources with Smart Spaces,” Infosys, August 2019, www.infosys.com/about/knowledge-institute/insights/documents/attract-talent- conserve.pdf. 
  28. “Infosys Collaborates with RXR Realty to Develop a Smart
    Office Platform Running on Microsoft Azure for Safe Return to Work,” Infosys, May 13, 2021, www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/2021/develop-smart-office-platform.html. 
  29. Jairo da Costa Junior, Jan Carel Diehl, and Dirk Snelders, “A Framework for a Systems Design Approach to Complex Societal Problems,” Design Science 5, e2, January 17, 2019, www.cambridge.org/core/journals/design-science/article/framework-for-a-systems-design-approach-to-complex-societal-problems/058568678B9FF25E 6653EE53925838F8. 
  30. Bloomenthal and James, “Capacity Management.” 
  31. “The Digital Disruptions for Sustainability (D^2S Agenda),”
    Sustainability in the Digital Age, March 2, 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kYfAXcFi2zl7jg0r7Zp1I2x3oywNFkCh/view. 
  32. Robert G. Eccles and Svetlana Klimenko, “The Investor
    Revolution,” Harvard Business Review, May 2020, https://hbr.org/2019/05/the-investor-revolution. 

CHAPTER 2

  1. “Bhutan Country Profile,” BBC, February 14, 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12480707. 
  2. Tshering Denkar, “Food on Wheels—First of its kind in Bhutan,” Daily Bhutan, March 4, 2020, www.dailybhutan.com/article/food-on-wheels-first-of-its-kind-in-bhutan. 
  3. Mary Kay Magistad, “Bhutan’s Tough Tobacco Laws,” The World, April 19, 2011, www.pri.org/stories/2011-04-19/bhutans-tough-tobacco-laws. 
  4. Chris Dwyer, “Bhutan’s Dark Sense of Humour,” Travel, BBC, February 28, 2017, www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170223-bhutans-dark-sense-of-humour. 
  5. “Bhutan—The Last Place,” Frontline World, PBS, May 2002, www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bhutan/interview.html. 
  6. “Gross National Happiness,” Berkshire Publishing Group, 2012, www.ciis.edu/PCC/PCC%20Documents/PCC%20PDFs/Gross-National-Happiness-Allison-1.pdf. 
  7. “International Day of Happiness, 20 March,” Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, accessed August 27, 2021, www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/international-days/international-day-of-happiness.html. 
  8. “The Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Bhutan to the United Nations in New York,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs Royal Kingdom of Bhutan, accessed August 27, 2021, www.mfa.gov.bt/pmbny/?page_id=124. 
  9. “Article 9: Principles of State Policy,” Bhutan’s Constitution of 2008, www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bhutan_2008.pdf ?lang=en. 
  10. Soo Youn, “Visit the World’s Only Carbon-Negative Country,” National Geographic, October 17, 2017, www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/carbon-negative-country-sustainability. 
  11. “CO2 Emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP),” World Bank Open Data, The World Bank, accessed July 24, 2021, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PP.GD. 
  12. Emmanuelle Dotezac, “Investors Now Looking at Private Equity Through ESG Lens,” IQ-EQ, May 19, 2021, https://iqeq.com/insights/investors-now-looking-private-equity-through-esg-lens. 
  13. Larry Fink, “Larry Fink’s 2021 letter to CEOs,” BlackRock, accessed August 27, 2021, www.blackrock.com/corporate/investor-relations/larry-fink-ceo-letter. 
  14. “The Global ESG Benchmark for Real Assets,” Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (GRESB), accessed August 27, 2021, https://gresb.com/. 
  15. “Disclosing Through CDP: The Business Benefits,” Climate Disclosure Project (CDP), accessed August 27, 2021, https://6fefcbb86e61af1b2fc4-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com/comfy/cms/files/files/000/004/718/original/CDP_Disclosure_brochure_2021.pdf. 
  16. Corey Glickman and Jeff Kavanaugh, “Attract Talent and Conserve Resources With Smart Spaces,” Infosys, August 2019, www.infosys.com/about/knowledge-institute/insights/documents/attract-talent-conserve.pdf. 
  17. “The State of Disclosure 2017: An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Sustainability Disclosure in SEC Filings,” Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), 2017, www.sasb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017State-of-Disclosure-Report-web.pdf. 
  18. Valeska V. Geldres-Weiss, Nicolás Gambetta, Nathaniel P. Massa, and Skania L. Geldres-Weiss, “Materiality Matrix Use in Aligning and Determining a Firm’s Sustainable Business Model Archetype and Triple Bottom Line Impact on Stakeholders,” Sustainability 13, January 20, 2021, www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/3/1065/pdf. 
  19. “2018 Global Sustainable Investment Review,” Global Sustainable Investment Alliance, March 2019, www.gsi-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/GSIR_Review2018.3.28.pdf. 
  20. Leslie P. Norton, “These Are the 100 Most Sustainable Companies in America,” Barron’s, February 7, 2020, www.barrons.com/articles/the-100-most-sustainable-companies-51581095228. 
  21. Shuli Ren, “The World’s Largest Pension Fund Has Cooled on ESG. Should You?,” Bloomberg, May 5, 2021, www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-05-05/the-world-s-largest-pension-fund-has-cooled-on-esg-should-you. 
  22. Bert Van Hoof, “Data-Driven Work Spaces: IoT and AI Expand
    the Promise of Smart Buildings,” Harvard Business Review, September 24, 2018, https://azure.microsoft.com/mediahandler/files/resourcefiles/create-smart-spaces-with-azure-digital-twins/Harvard_Business_Review_Data_Driven_Work_Spaces_EN_US.pdf. 
  23. Michele Pelino and Andrew Hewitt, “Extend IoT Smart Building Solutions to Transform the Workplace,” Forrester, May 12, 2020, www.forrester.com/report/Extend+IoT+Smart+Building+Solutions+To+Transform+The+Workplace/RES132901. 
  24. “A Surprising Way to Cut Real Estate Costs,” JLL, September 25, 2016, www.us.jll.com/en/trends-and-insights/workplace/a-surprising-way-to-cut-real-estate-costs. 
  25. John Elkington, “25 Years Ago I Coined the Phrase ‘Triple Bottom Line.’ Here’s Why It’s Time to Rethink It.,” Harvard Business Review, June 25, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/06/25-years-ago-i-coined-the-phrase-triple-bottom-line-heres-why-im-giving-up-on-it. 
  26. Ibid. 
  27. “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
    Development,” Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Sustainable Development, United Nations, accessed August 30, 2021, https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda. 
  28. John Mackey and Raj Sisodia, Conscious Capitalism: Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business, Harvard Business Review Press, January 7, 2014. 
  29. “Ping An Builds China-Specific ESG Smart Rating System to Promote Responsible Investment in China,” press release, PRNewswire, June 22, 2020, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ping-an-builds-china-specific-esg-smart-rating-system-to-promote-responsible-investment-in-china-301081066.html. 
  30. Chenxi Yu, Shiqing Cui, Zhuo Qi, and Shasha Gu, “Application of Ping An CN-ESG Data and Framework in Quantitative Investment Strategy,” Ping An, January 2021, https://group.pingan.com/resource/pingan/ESG/Report/pingan-cn-esg-data-and-framework-in-quantitative-investment-strategy.pdf0. 
  31. Max Jarrett, personal interview with industry expert, July 26, 2021. 
  32. Stephen Ferguson, “Apollo 13: The First Digital Twin,” Siemens,
    April 14, 2020, https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/simcenter/apollo-13-the-first-digital-twin/. 
  33. Tim Smith, “Asset Valuation,” Investopedia, March 16, 2020, www.investopedia.com/terms/a/assetvaluation.asp. 
  34. Gayle Brager, “Benefits of Improving Occupant Comfort and Well-being in Buildings,” LafargeHolcim, 2013, https://src.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/dnl/93603859-d59e-498a-b056-405d16e39171/F13_ OrangeWS_Brager.pdf. 
  35. Francesco Bonaccurso, “Harnessing Sustainability to Drive Value from Your IT Investment,” Consulting, Infosys, March 11, 2021, www.infosysconsultinginsights.com/2021/03/11/sustainability-to-drive-it-investment-value/. 
  36. “Greenhouse Gases at EPA,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, accessed August 27, 2021, www.epa.gov/greeningepa/greenhouse-gases-epa. 
  37. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Accelerating Decarbonization of the US Energy System (The National Academies Press, 2021), https://books.google.com/books/about/Accelerating_Decarbonization_of_the_U_S.html?id=DD8yzgEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description. 
  38. “Lean Manufacturing and the Environment: Research on Advanced Manufacturing Systems and the Environment and Recommendations for Leveraging Better Environmental Performance,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, October 2003, www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-11/documents/lean_environment_report.pdf. 
  39. Win, “We Can’t Tackle the Climate Change Crisis without Changing Construction. Here’s Why.” 
  40. “WRI Leads Zero Carbon Buildings for All Initiative Launched at UN Climate Action Summit,” press release, World Resources Institute, September 23, 2019, www.wri.org/news/release-wri-leads-zero-carbon-buildings-all-initiative-launched-un-climate-action-summit. 
  41. Diana Budds, “How Do Buildings Contribute to Climate Change?” Curbed, September 19, 2019, https://archive.curbed.com/2019/9/19/20874234/buildings-carbon-emissions-climate-change. 
  42. “What is LEED?,” United States Green Building Council (USGBC), accessed August 27, 2021, www.usgbc.org/help/what-leed. 
  43. Louise Mozingo and Ed Arens, “Quantifying the Comprehensive Greenhouse Gas Co-Benefits of Green Buildings,” Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkley, October 24, 2014, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/935461rm#author. 
  44. “Sharing an Equitable and Sustainable Digital Future,” Infosys, 2021, www.infosys.com/sustainability/documents/infosys-esg-report-2020-21.pdf. 
  45. “Decarbonization: The Race to Zero Emissions,” Morgan Stanley, November 25, 2019, www.morganstanley.com/ideas/investing-in-decarbonization. 
  46. Joseph E. Aldy and Gianfranco Gianfrate, “Future-Proof Your Climate Strategy: Smart Companies Are Putting Their Own Price on Carbon,” Harvard Business Review, May–June 2019, https://hbr.org/2019/05/future-proof-your-climate-strategy. 
  47. “Emissions Trading in Practice: A Handbook on Design and Implementation,” International Carbon Action Partnership, accessed August 30, 2021, https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/?option=com_attach&task=download&id=745. 
  48. Cecilia Pera, “Carbon Offsetting: A Short Guide,” ClimateSeed, December 16, 2020, https://climateseed.com/blog/carbon-offsetting-a-short-guide. 
  49. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Accelerating Decarbonization of the US Energy System (The National Academies Press, 2021), www.nap.edu/catalog/25932/accelerating-decarbonization-of-the-us-energy-system. 
  50. “The Ten Principles of the UN Global Compact,” United Nations Global Compact, accessed August 19, 2021, https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission/principles/principle-6. 
  51. “The UN Global Compact Ten Principles and the Sustainable Development Goals: Connecting, Crucially,” United Nations Global Compact, June 2016, www.unglobalcompact.org/library/4281. 
  52. “Principle 6: Labour,” United Nations Global Compact, accessed September 1, 2021, www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission/principles/principle-6. 
  53. Amit Kapoor and Bibek Debroy, “GDP Is Not a Measure of Human Well-Being,” Harvard Business Review, October 4, 2019, https://hbr.org/2019/10/gdp-is-not-a-measure-of-human-well-being. 
  54. Michael O’Leary and Warren Valdmanis, “An ESG Reckoning Is Coming,” Harvard Business Review, March 4, 2021, https://hbr.org/2021/03/an-esg-reckoning-is-coming. 
  55. Jim Fong, “An Early Outlook of a Millennial-led Economy in 2030,” November 8, 2019. https://upcea.edu/an-early-outlook-of-a-millennial-led-economy-in-2030. 
  56. David Rogers Tilley, “National Metabolism and Communications Technology Development in the United States, 1790–
    2000,” Environment and History 12, no. 2, May 2006, www.environmentandsociety.org/node/3263. 
  57. Win,“We Can’t Tackle the Climate Change Crisis without Changing Construction. Here’s Why.” 
  58. World Resources Institute, “WRI Leads Zero Carbon Buildings for All Initiative Launched at UN Climate Action Summit,” September 23, 2019, https://www.wri.org/news/release-wri-leads-zero-carbon-buildings-all-initiative-launched-un-climate-action-summit.

CHAPTER 3

  1. Sayed Hemeda and Alghreeb Sonbol, “Sustainability Problems of the Giza Pyramids,” Heritage Science 8, no. 8, January 30, 2020, https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-020-0356-9.
  2. Brad Smithfield, “The Great Pyramid of Giza Was Once Covered in Highly Polished White Limestone, Before It Was Removed to Build Mosques and Fortresses,” The Vintage News, September 6, 2016, www.thevintagenews.com/2016/09/06/the-great-pyramid-of-giza-was-once-covered-in-highly-polished-white-limestone-before-it-was-removed-to-build-mosques-and-fortresses/.
  3. “EGYPT: Administrative Division,” City Population, accessed August 31, 2021, www.citypopulation.de/en/egypt/admin/.
  4. Wael Fahmi and Keith Sutton, “Cairo’s Contested Garbage: Sustainable Solid Waste Management and the Zabaleen’s Right to the City,” Sustainability 2, June 18, 2010, www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1765#cite.
  5. “King of the Rubbish Heap: Cairo’s Zabbaleen Trash Collectors Recycle to Stay On Top,” RT Documentary Channel, February 12, 2019, https://rtd.rt.com/stories/zabbaleen-cairos–rubbish-collectors-21st-century-change/.
  6. Alex Gray, “Germany Recycles More Than Any Other Country,” World Economic Forum, December 18, 2017, www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/12/germany-recycles-more-than-any-other-country/.
  7. RT Documentary Channel, “King of the Rubbish Heap: Cairo’s Zabbaleen Trash Collectors Recycle to Stay On Top.”
  8. “One third of your life is spent at work,” Gettysburg College, accessed August 19, 2021, www.gettysburg.edu/news/stories?id=79db7b34-630c-4f49-ad32-4ab9ea48e72b.
  9. Hannah Furlong, “Keurig’s K-Cups Inch Closer to Being 100% Recyclable,” Sustainable Brands, September 22, 2015, https://sustainablebrands.com/read/chemistry-materials-packaging/keurig-s-k-cups-inch-closer-to-being00-recyclable.
  10. “The Amount of K-Cups That Have Been Trashed in Landfills Could Wrap Around the Planet 10 Times,” The Story of Stuff Project, accessed August 19, 2021, https://action.storyofstuff.org/sign/amount-k-cups-have-been-thrown-landfills-could-wrap-around-planet-over-11-times.
  11. “Towards A Circular Economy: Business Rationale for An Accelerated Transition,” Ellen MacArthur Foundation, December 9, 2015, https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/ip2fh05h21it-6nvypm/@/preview/1?o.
  12. Wasim Salama, “Design of Concrete Buildings for Disassembly: An Explorative Review,” ScienceDirect, April 1,2017, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212609016301741.
  13. Ellen MacArthur Foundation, “Towards A Circular Economy: Business Rationale for An Accelerated Transition.”
  14. “Industrial Symbiosis: Realising the Circular Economy,” Eco-innovation Action Plan, European Commission, January 27, 2014, https://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoap/about-eco-innovation/experts-interviews/20140127_industrial-symbiosis-realising-the-circular-economy_en.
  15. Peter Yeung, “The Country Rejecting Throwaway Culture,” Future Planet, January 28, 2021, www.bbc.com/future/article/20210128-right-to-repair-how-the-french-are-fighting-avoidable-waste.
  16. Vanessa Forti et al., “The Global E-waste Monitor 2020,” 2020, http://ewastemonitor.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/GEM_2020_def_dec_2020-1.pdf.
  17. Patricia Megale Coelho, Blanca Corona, Roland ten Klooster, and Ernst Worrell, “Sustainability of Reusable Packaging—Current Situation and Trends,” Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, April 2020, www.researchgate.net/publication/340865737_Sustainability_of_reusable_packaging_-_Current_situation_and_trends.
  18. S Ramachandran and Jeff Kavanaugh, “Being Resilient: Transformation in the Automotive Industry,” Infosys Knowledge Institute, June 2020, www.infosys.com/iki/insights/transformation-automotive-industry.html.
  19. Pamela Largue, “EVs—a $46 Trillion Market Opportunity Between Now and 2050,” Smart Energy International, June 10, 2021, www.smart-energy.com/industry-sectors/electric-vehicles/evs-a-46-trillion-market-opportunity-between-now-and-2050/.
  20. “Raising Ambitions: A New Roadmap for the Automotive Circular Economy,” Circular Cars Initiative, World Economic Forum, December 2020, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Raising_Ambitions_2020.pdf.
  21. Colin McKerracher, Aleksandra O’Donovan, Nick Albanese et al., “Electric Vehicle Outlook 2021,” BloombergNEF, 2021, https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook/.
  22. Asad Farid, Nick Anderson, and Jamie Rosser, “Battery Adoption at the Tipping Point,” Berenberg Thematics, February 10, 2016, www.bacanoralithium.com/pdfs/Berenburg_lithium_report_Feb2016.pdf.
  23. Vinod Venkateswaran, Suraj Nair, and S Ramachandran, “An Ecosystem Approach for EV Adoption,” Infosys Knowledge Institute, Infosys, May 2021, www.infosys.com/iki/insights/ecosystem-approach-ev-adoption.html.
  24. Jennifer Nastu, “Partner with Suppliers for Sustainability, Efficiency, Cost Savings,” Environment + Energy Leader, March 11, 2021, www.environmentalleader.com/2021/03/partner-with-suppliers-for-sustainability-efficiency-cost-savings/.
  25. “Sparkling Jewels, Opaque Supply Chains: Jewelry Companies, Changing Sourcing Practices, and COVID-19,” Human Rights Watch, November 24, 2020, www.hrw.org/report/2020/11/24/sparkling-jewels-opaque-supply-chains/jewelry-companies-changing-sourcing#.
  26. “Sustainable Materials Management Basics,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, accessed August 19, 2021, www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-basics.
  27. “Managing, Reusing, and Recycling Used Oil,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, accessed August 19, 2021, www.epa.gov/recycle/managing-reusing-and-recycling-used-oil.
  28. “Cell Phone Recycling,” Wastecare Corporation, accessed August 19, 2021, www.wastecare.com/Articles/Cell_Phone_Recycling.htm.
  29. “Recycle Your Cell Phone. It’s an Easy Call Fact Sheet,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2008, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P1001FNV.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2006+Thru+2010&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C06thru10%5CTxt%5C00000004%5CP1001FNV.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&Image Quality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL.
  30. Varun Mishra, “Global Refurbished Smartphone Market Declines 1% in 2019,” Counterpoint, June 10, 2020, www.counterpointresearch.com/global-refurbished-smartphone-market-declines-1-2019/.
  31. “IDC Forecasts Worldwide Market for Used Smartphones to Reach 351.6 Million Units with a Market Value of $65 Billion in 2024,” International Data Corporation, January 7, 2021, www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS47258521.
  32. “‘Power by the Hour’: Can Paying Only for Performance Redefine How Products Are Sold and Serviced?,” University of Pennsylvania, Wharton, February 21, 2007, https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/power-by-the-hour-can-paying-only-for-performance-redefine-how-products-are-sold-and-serviced/.
  33. Carlos Galera-Zarco and José Antonio Campos, “Exploring Servitization in Industrial Construction: A Sustainable Approach,” Sustainability 13, no. 14, July 17, 2021, www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/14/8002/pdf.
  34. “Blockchain Explained,” Investopedia, accessed August 15, 2021. www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blockchain.asp.
  35. “Cryptocurrency Money Laundering Risks and How to Avoid Them,” Elliptic, February 26, 2021, www.elliptic.co/blog/cryptocurrency-money-laundering-risks-and-how-to-avoid-them.
  36. “Revolutionizing Logistics and Transportation through Blockchain,” Infosys, 2020, www.infosys.com/services/digital-interaction/documents/revolutionizing-logistics-transportation-blockchain.pdf.
  37. Nicholas Nhede, “BP and Infosys Partner on Managed Energy-as-a-Service Offering in India,” Smart Energy International, April 29, 2021, www.smart-energy.com/industry-sectors/energy-grid-management/bp-and-infosys-partner-on-managed-energy-as-a-service-offering-in-india/.
  38. Matthew Bandyk, “2020 Outlook: Utilities Will Be Pushed to Further Embrace Distributed Energy Resources,” Utility Dive, January 17, 2021, www.utilitydive.com/news/2020-outlook-utilities-will-be-pushed-to-further-embrace-distributed-energ/569613.
  39. Kelsey Horowitz et al., “An Overview of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Interconnection: Current Practices and Emerging Solutions,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US DOE, April 2019, www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/72102.pdf.
  40. “Distributed System Implementation Plan,” Con Edison, June 20, 2020, www.coned.com/-/media/files/coned/documents/our-energy-future/our-energy-projects/distributed-system-implementation-plan.pdf.
  41. “Voices of Experience: Insights into Advanced Distribution Management Systems,” Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, United States Department of Energy, February 2015, www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/02/f19/Voices%20of%20 Experience%20-%20Advanced%20Distribution%20Management%20Systems%20February%202015.pdf.
  42. “Utility’s Power Lines Caused Huge 2019 California Wildfire,” Associated Press News, July 16, 2020, https://apnews.com/article/3d35a822b32a447b665281d0bb2e8fd2.
  43. “Smart Grid System Report: 2018 Report to Congress,” United States Department of Energy, November 2018, www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/02/f59/Smart%20Grid%20System%20Report%20November%202018_1.pdf.
  44. Jayant Sathaye, Larry Dale, Peter Larsen et al., “Estimating Risk to California Energy Infrastructure from Projected Climate Change,” Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, June 2011, https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1026811.
  45. “Transforming the Power Grid with Autonomous Robots,” Infosys, accessed August 31, 2021, www.infosys.com/navigate-your-next/documents/autonomous-robots.pdf.
  46. “Make Energy While the Sun Shines: How We Made Our Hyderabad Campus 100% Solar—Powered,” Infosys, accessed August 31, 2021, www.infosys.com/about/corporate-responsibility/environmental/energy/energy-sun-shines.html.
  47. “How Much Energy is Consumed in US Buildings?” US Energy Information Administration, May 3, 2021, www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=86&t=1.
  48. Ellen MacArthur and Frans van Houten, “3 Shifts Can Scale the Circular Economy—Triggering a More Resilient, Prosperous System,” Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy, World Economic Forum, February 11, 2021, www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/02/3-shifts-can-scale-the-circular-economy-ellen-macarthur-frans-van-houten/.
  49. Ryan Finlay, “They Used To Last Years,” Medium, October 23, 2015, https://ryanfinlay.medium.com/they-used-to-last-50-years-c3383ff28a8e.
  50. Amanda Capritto, “Impossible Burger vs. Beef: Which is Better for the Environment?,” CNET, October 28, 2019, www.cnet.com/health/nutrition/is-fake-meat-really-better-for-the-environment/.
  51. Jared Wolf, “Better Brands: Is Beyond Meat Sustainable?” Sustainable Review, January 29, 2021, https://sustainablereview.com/is-beyond-meat-sustainable/.
  52. Krista Tukiainen, “Financing Waste Management, Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy in the Green Bond Market,” Climate Bonds Initiative, May 7, 2020, www.climatebonds.net/files/reports/markets_waste_resource_efficiency_briefing_2020.pdf.
  53. Ibid.
  54. “Green Bond Principles,” International Capital Market Association, June 2021, www.icmagroup.org/assets/documents/Sustainable-finance/2021-updates/Green-Bond-Principles-June-2021-140621.pdf.
  55. Thomas Singer, “Business Transformation and the Circular Economy,” The Conference Board, accessed August 19, 2021, www.stern.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/TCB-Business-Transformation-and-the-Circular-Economy-RR.PDF.
  56. Sarah Murray, “Measuring What Matters: The Scramble to Set Standards for Sustainable Business,” Financial Times, May 13, 2021, www.ft.com/content/92915630-c110-4364-86ee-0f6f018cba90.

CHAPTER 4

  1. “Aristotle & Happiness,” Pursuit of Happiness, https://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/aristotle.
  2. Richard Kraut, “Aristotle’s Ethics,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, June 15, 2018, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/.
  3. Klepeis NE, Nelson WC, Ott WR et al., “The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental Pollutants,” Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 11, no. 3, May–June 2001, 231–252, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11477521/.
  4. “68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN,” Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, May 16, 2018, www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html.
  5. Franco Vazza and Alberto Feletti, “The Quantitative Comparison Between the Neuronal Network and the Cosmic Web,” Frontiers in Physics 8, November 2020, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2020.525731/full.
  6. Carl Zimmer, “100 Trillion Connections: New Efforts Probe and Map the Brain’s Detailed Architecture,” Scientific American, January 2011, www.scientificamerican.com/article/100-trillion-connections/.
  7. Ann Sussman and Justin B Hollander, Cognitive Architecture: Designing for How We Respond to the Built Environment (United Kingdom: Routledge, 2014).
  8. Jason Till, Jennifer Hiley, Guy Faithfull et al., “Service Blueprinting: The ‘Rosetta Stone’ of Digital Transformation,” Infosys, October 2019, www.infosysconsultinginsights.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/service-blueprinting_pov_infosys-consulting.pdf.
  9. “The Meaning of ‘Form Follows Function,’” ThoughtCo, accessed September 7, 2021, www.thoughtco.com/form-follows-function-177237.
  10. “Form Follows Function,” Guggenheim, accessed September 1, 2021, www.guggenheim.org/teaching-materials/the-architecture-of-the-solomon-r-guggenheim-museum/form-follows-function.
  11. Kendra Cherry, “The Basics of Human Factors Psychology: Maximizing Human Capabilities,” Verywell Mind, December 14, 2020, www.verywellmind.com/what-is-human-factors-psychology-2794905.
  12. Steven Shorrock, “Human Factors and Ergonomics: Looking Back to Look Forward,” Humanistic Systems, February 25, 2018, https://humanisticsystems.com/2018/02/25/human-factors-and-ergonomics-looking-back-to-look-forward/.
  13. Frans Osinga, Science, Strategy and War: The Strategic Theory of John Boyd (The Netherlands: Eburon Academic Publishers, 2005).
  14. Neil Perkin, “Agile Business is More About Maneuverability Than Speed,” Medium, August 18, 2017, https://medium.com/building-the-agile-business/agile-business-is-more-about-manoeuvrability-than-speed-c4de10980d33.
  15. “Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident,” United State Nuclear Regulatory Commission, accessed August 19, 2021, www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html.
  16. Patrick Sisson, “The ADA at 25,” Curbed, July 23, 2015, https://archive.curbed.com/2015/7/23/9937976/how-the-americans-with-disabilities-act-transformed-architecture.
  17. Ibid.
  18. “Affleck House,” Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, accessed August 19, 2021, https://franklloydwright.org/site/affleck-house/.
  19. Jeff Kavanaugh, Consulting Essentials: The Art and Science of People, Facts, and Frameworks (Texas: Lioncrest Publishing, 2018), 209–211.
  20. Sumedha M. Joshi, “The Sick Building Syndrome.” Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 12, no. 2, 2008, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796751/.
  21. Martin W. Liddament, “A Guide to Energy Efficient Ventilation,” AIVC, International Energy Agency, March, 1996, www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/members_area/medias/pdf/Guides/GU03%20GUIDE%20TO%20ENERGY%20EFFICIENT%20VENTILATION.pdf.
  22. Rajesh Varrier et al, “Drive Change from Within,” Infosys Knowledge Institute, March 2020, https://www.infosys.com/services/microsoft-cloud-business/insights/documents/workplace-transformation-research-study.pdf.
  23. Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychological Review, 1943, https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm.
  24. Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1954).
  25. “One Third of Your Life is Spent at Work,” Gettysburg College, accessed August 19, 2021, www.gettysburg.edu/news/stories?id=79db7b34-630c-4f49-ad32-4ab9ea48e72b.
  26. “WELL v2 Concepts and Features,” WELL, accessed August 19, 2021, https://v2.wellcertified.com/wellv2/en/concepts.
  27. Peter Hustinx, “Privacy by Design: Delivering the Promises,” Identity in the Information Society 3, 253–255, May 7, 2010, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0061-z.
  28. Ann Cavoukian, “Privacy by Design: The 7 Foundational Principles,” Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario, January 2011, www.ipc.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/Resources/7foundationalprinciples.pdf.
  29. “Volume of Data Collected by Smart Buildings Worldwide from 2010 to 2020,” Statista, May 13, 2016, www.statista.com/statistics/631151/worldwide-data-collected-by-smart-buildings/.
  30. “Coronavirus: DOD Response,” United State Department of Defense, accessed August 19, 2021, www.defense.gov/Explore/Spotlight/Coronavirus-DOD-Response/.
  31. Jeff Kavanaugh and Rafee Tarafdar, The Live Enterprise: Create a Continuously Evolving and Learning Organization (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2021).

CHAPTER 5

  1. “Wide Awake on the Sea of Tranquility,” NASA, July 9, 2014, www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/19jul_seaoftranquillity.html.
  2. William B. Bonvillian, Richard Van Atta, and Patrick Windham, The DARPA Model for Transformative Technologies (Open Book Publishers, 2019), https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/fb06e944-3ab5-4c38-b4a7-0a8f7078809c/9781783747931.pdf.
  3. Paul Baran, “On Distributed Communications: I. Introduction to Distributed Communications Networks,” Rand Corporation, August 1964, www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2006/RM3420.pdf.
  4. Guy Raz, “‘Lo’ And Behold: A Communication Revolution,” NPR, October 29, 2009, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=114280698.
  5. Jeremy Bernstein, “Erwin Schrödinger: Austrian Physicist,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 8, 2021, www.britannica.com/science/wave-mechanics.
  6. Olivier Rieppel, “The ‘Law of Superposition’.” In Evolutionary Theory and the Creation Controversy (Springer, 2011), 111–133, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-14896-5_6.
  7. Oliver Heaviside, Electromagnetic Waves (Taylor & Francis, 1889), www.google.com/books/edition/Electromagnetic_Waves/4pM3AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0.
  8. “James Clerk Maxwell: A Force for Physics,” Physics World, December 1, 2006, https://physicsworld.com/a/james-clerk-maxwell-a-force-for-physics.
  9. Bruce Hunt, “Oliver Heaviside: A First-Rate Oddity,” Physics Today 65, no. 11, 48–54, November 1, 2012, https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.1788.
  10. Aditya, “Availability vs. Reliability vs. Durability vs. Resiliency vs. Fault Tolerance,” Medium, April 23, 2020, https://sprinkle-twinkles.medium.com/availability-vs-reliability-vs-durability-vs-resiliency-dfead8c92c58.
  11. Ron Miller, “Satya Nadella Looks to the Future with Edge Computing,” TechCrunch, October 8, 2019, https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/08/satya-nadella-looks-to-the-future-with-edge-computing.
  12. Abhijit Sunil, “Predictions 2020: Edge Computing Makes The Leap,” Forrester, November 4, 2019, https://go.forrester.com/blogs/predictions-2020-edge-computing/.
  13. Gloria Omale, “Gartner Survey Reveals Two-Thirds of Organizations Intend to Deploy 5G by 2020,” Gartner, December 18, 2018, https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2018-12-18-gartner-survey-reveals-two-thirds-of-organizations-in.
  14. “Technological Convergence: Regulatory, Digital Privacy, and Data Security Issues,” EveryCRSReport.com, May 30, 2019, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R45746.html.
  15. Jeff Kavanaugh and Rafee Tarafdar, The Live Enterprise: Create a Continuously Evolving and Learning Organization (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2021).
  16. “Introducing Krti 4.0—the Next Generation AI Platform for Operational Excellence,” Infosys, accessed August 24, 2021, www.infosys.com/engineering-services/documents/next-generation-ai-platform.pdf.
  17. Phil Christensen, Bentley Systems, personal interview with industry expert, July 7, 2020.
  18. Marc Andreesen, “Why Software Is Eating The World,” The Wall Street Journal, August 20, 2011, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460.
  19. David P. Reed, “Reed’s Law,” Fx Solver, accessed August 1, 2021, www.fxsolver.com/browse/formulas/Reed%27s+Law.
  20. David P. Reed, “The Law of the Pack,” Harvard Business Review, February 2001, https://hbr.org/2001/02/the-law-of-the-pack.
  21. “Guide to Building the Case for Deep Energy Retrofits,” Rocky Mountain Institute, September 2012, https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Pathways-to-Zero_Bldg-Case-for-Deep-Retrofits_Report_2012.pdf.
  22. “World Green Building Trends 2018 Smart Market Report,” World Green Building Council, November 13, 2018, https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/world-green-building-trends-2018-smartmarket-report-publication.
  23. Stephen Del Percio, “Good News, Bad News for LEED in Two Recent Studies,” Smart Cities Dive, accessed September 2, 2021, www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/good-news-bad-news-leed-two-recent-studies/7721/.
  24. John Nye, “How Quick Is the Energy Payback with Smart Building Automation?” 75F, July 19, 2018, www.75f.io/blog/how-quick-is-the-energy-payback-with-smart-building-automation.
  25. “Rule of Thumb,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, March 2016, www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-03/documents/table_rules_of_thumb.pdf.

CHAPTER 6

  1. Derrick Nunnally, “The Man Blamed for the Fall of Tacoma’s Galloping Gertie,” The Olympian, October 31, 2015, www.theolympian.com/news/local/article42065382.html.
  2. Grady Hillhouse, “Why the Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapsed,” Practical Engineering, March 9, 2019, https://practical.engineering/blog/2019/3/9/why-the-tacoma-narrows-bridge-collapsed.
  3. Lauren Gold, “Cornell Expert in Group Behavior Shows Why London’s Millennium Pedestrian Bridge Was Not Built for People,” Cornell Chronicle, November 2, 2005, https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2005/11/explaining-why-millennium-bridge-wobbled.
  4. Steven H. Strogatz, Daniel M. Abrams, Allan McRobie, Bruno Eckhardt, and Edward Ott, “Crowd Synchrony on the Millennium Bridge,” Nature 438, 43–44, November 2, 2005, www.nature.com/articles/438043a.
  5. Josh Ridley, personal interview with industry expert, June 2, 2020.
  6. “Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process,” Greenspace, NCR, Inc, accessed August 25, 2021, www.greenspacencr.org/events/IDProadmap.pdf.
  7. Salman Azhar, “Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for the AEC Industry,” ASCE Library, June 15, 2011, https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29LM.1943-5630.0000127.
  8. ThoughtWire, “The Evolution of Building Management Systems: From Limited Control to a Fully Integrated Digital Twin,” IoT For All, July 31, 2020, www.iotforall.com/evolution-building-management-systems.
  9. Josh Ridley, personal interview with industry expert, June 2, 2020.
  10. John Uri, “50 Years Ago: Apollo 13 Crew Returns Safely to Earth,” NASA, April 17, 2020, www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-apollo-13-crew-returns-safely-to-earth.
  11. Scott Rechler, personal interview with industry expert, June 3, 2020.
  12. “Data Driven Companies Will Deliver Service Focused Real Estate,” Property Funds World, July 16, 2021, www.propertyfundsworld.com/2021/07/16/303614/data-driven-companies-will-deliver-service-focused-real-estate.
  13. Raja Rajeshwari Chandrasekharan, Shweta Nayak, Dylan Cosper, “Infosys Return to Workplace—Building Safe, Nurturing and Resilient Workplaces,” Infosys Knowledge Institute, May 2020, www.infosys.com/iki/insights/return-workplace-safe.html.
  14. Alfonso Velosa, “Prepare for the Impact of Digital Twins,” Gartner, September 18, 2017, www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/prepare-for-the-impact-of-digital-twins.
  15. Xingxing Zhang et al., “Digital Twin for Accelerating Sustainability in Positive Energy District: A Review of Simulation Tools and Applications,” Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, June 21, 2021, wwwfrontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsc.2021.663269/full.
  16. Tommaso Spanevello, “Digital Twins: Accelerating the Digital Transformation in the Rail Sector,” Global Railway Review, July 1, 2021, www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/120887/digital-twins-rail.
  17. Ron Miller, “Satya Nadella Looks to the Future with Edge Computing,” TechCrunch, October 8, 2019, https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/08/satya-nadella-looks-to-the-future-with-edge-computing.
  18. Izabela Rojek et al., “Digital Twins in Product Lifecycle for Sustainability in Manufacturing and Maintenance,” MDPI, December 23, 2020, www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/1/31.
  19. Rithika Hannah Messiahdas, “Augmented Reality & Virtual Reality is Now a Reality For Enterprise,” Infosys, 2019, www.infosys.com/services/microsoft-cloud-business/insights/documents/augmented-virtual-reality-enterprises.pdf.
  20. “Facts and Figures about Materials, Waste and Recycling,” US Environmental Protection Agency, accessed August 1, 2021, www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific-data.
  21. Magali A. Delmas, “How to Boost Recycling: Reward Consumers with Discounts, Deals and Social Connections,” The Conversation, 2019, https://theconversation.com/how-to-boost-recycling-reward-consumers-with-discounts-deals-and-social-connections-124389.
  22. Phil Christensen, personal interview with industry expert, July 7, 2020.
  23. Stefano Centomo, Nicola Dall’Ora, and Franco Fummi, “The Design of a Digital-Twin for Predictive Maintenance,” 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2020, pp. 1781–1788, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9212071.
  24. Kosmas Alexopoulos, Nikolaos Nikolakis, and George Chryssolouris, “Digital Twin-Driven Supervised Machine Learning for the Development of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Manufacturing,” International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 33:5, 429–439, DOI: 10.1080/0951192X.2020.1747642, April 8, 2020, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/095119 2X.2020.1747642.
  25. Dean Hopkins, personal interview with industry expert, June 12, 2020.
  26. Louise Wright & Stuart Davidson, “How to Tell the Difference between a Model and a Digital Twin,” Advanced Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Sciences 7, March 11, 2020, https://amses-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40323-020-00147-4.

CHAPTER 7

  1. Ursula Hartenberger, “Why Buildings Matter,” The Guardian, July 1, 2011, www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-building.
  2. Robert Siegel & Melissa Block, “Blair Steps Down, Takes Up Mideast Peace,” NPR, June 27, 2007, www.npr.org/transcripts/11478169?storyId=11478169.
  3. “Churchill and the Commons Chamber,” UK Parliament, accessed August 2, 2021, www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/palacestructure/churchill.
  4. Susan Lund, Anu Madgavkar, James Manyika et al., “The Future of Work after COVID-19,” McKinsey, February 18, 2021, www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-after-COVID-19.
  5. Win, “We Can’t Tackle the Climate Change Crisis without Changing Construction. Here’s Why.”
  6. Josh Ridley, personal interview with industry expert, June 2, 2020.
  7. Rimes Mortimer, personal interview with industry expert, June 9, 2020.
  8. Josh Ridley, personal interview with industry expert, June 2, 2020.
  9. Celine Herweijer, Benjamin Combes, Antonia Gawel et al., “Unlocking Technology for the Global Goals,” World Economic Forum, January 2020, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Unlocking_Technology_for_the_Global_Goals.pdf.
  10. Amy C. Edmondson, “Wicked-Problem Solvers: Lessons from Successful Cross-Industry Teams,” Harvard Business Review, June 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/06/wicked-problem-solvers.
  11. Gregg D. Ander, “Daylighting,” Whole Building Design Guide, September 15, 2016, www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.
  12. “Ventilation and Air Quality in Offices: Fact Sheet,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, accessed August 25, 2021, www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-08/documents/ventilation_factsheet.pdf.
  13. Juan Pedro Tomás, “Infosys Collaborates with RxR Realty to Develop a Smart Office Platform,” In-Building Tech, May 17, 2021, https://inbuildingtech.com/smart-buildings/infosys-collaborates-with-rxr-realty-to-develop-a-smart-office-platform/.
  14. “The Deloitte Global Millennial Survey 2020,” Deloitte, January 2020, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/deloitte-2020-millennial-survey.pdf.
  15. “Gartner Forecasts 51% of Global Knowledge Workers Will Be Remote by the End of 2021,” press release, Gartner, June 22, 2021, www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2021-06-22-gartner-forecasts-51-percent-of-global-knowledge-workers-will-be-remote-by-2021.
  16. Janet Pogue McLaurin and Tim Pittman, “Across the Globe, Workers Want a Hybrid Work Model,” Gensler, accessed September 8, 2021, www.gensler.com/blog/across-the-globe-workers-want-a-hybrid-work-model.
  17. Reza Alaghehband, “Keeping Pace with the Smart Building Evolution,” Engineered Systems, April 21, 2021, www.esmagazine.com/articles/101408-keeping-pace-with-the-smart-building-evolution.
  18. “Work-at-Home After COVID-19—Our Forecast,” Global Workplace Analytics, accessed September 8, 2021, https://globalworkplaceanalytics.com/work-at-home-after-COVID-19-our-forecast.
  19. Lisette van Doorn, Amanprit Arnold, and Elizabeth Rapoport, “In the Age of Cities: The Impact of Urbanisation on House Prices and Affordability.” In Hot Property (Springer, 2019), 3–13, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-11674-3_1.
  20. Kelsey Miller, “The Triple Bottom Line: What It Is & Why It’s Important,” Harvard Business School, December 8, 2020, https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/what-is-the-triple-bottom-line.
  21. “68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN,” Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, May 16, 2018, www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html.
  22. Benjamin Goldstein, Dimitrios Gounaridis, and Joshua P. Newell, “The Carbon Footprint of Household Energy Use in the United States,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, August 11, 2020, www.pnas.org/content/117/32/19122.
  23. Scott Sedam, “The Home Building Technology Revolution, Part III: The Missing Link,” ProBuilder, March 11, 2021, www.probuilder.com/home-building-technology-revolution-part-iii-missing-link.
  24. Anna Hensel, “The Coronavirus Is Accelerating Foot Locker’s Plans to Move Its Stores Out of Malls,” Modern Retail, May 22, 2020, www.modernretail.co/retail/the-coronavirus-is-accelerating-foot-lockers-plans-to-move-its-stores-out-of-malls/.
  25. “Smart Stadium Market—Growth, Trends, COVID-19 Impact, and Forecasts (2021–2026),” Mordor Intelligence, 2020, www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/smart-stadium-market.
  26. “Thrive in the New Normal,” WorxWell, accessed September 8, 2021, https://worxwell.com/.
  27. “Infosys Collaborates with RXR Realty to Develop a Smart Office Platform Running on Microsoft Azure for Safe Return to Work,” press release, Infosys, May 13, 2021, www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/2021/develop-smart-office-platform.html.
  28. “2019 United States Manufacturing Facts,” National Association of Manufacturers, accessed September 5, 2021, www.nam.org/state-manufacturing-data/2019-united-states-manufacturing-facts/.
  29. “Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, accessed August 25, 2021, www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#commercial-and-residential.
  30. “Annual Energy Outlook 2021: Emissions,” p. 3, United States Energy Information Agency, February 3, 2021, www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/08%20AEO2021%20Emissions.pdf.
  31. Ibid, 5.
  32. S Ramachandran, Samad Masood, and Nampuraja Enose, “Industry 4.0 Maturity Index at Infosys—A Case Study,” Infosys, September 2019, www.infosys.com/iki/insights/industry-maturity.html.
  33. Günther Schuh, Reiner Anderl, Jürgen Gausemeier, Michael ten Hompel, and Wolfgang Wahlster, “Industrie 4.0 Maturity Index,” acatech—National Academy of Science and Engineering, 2017, www.acatech.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/acatech_STUDIE_Maturity_Index_eng_WEB.pdf.
  34. “Top 50 Smart City Governments,” Eden Strategy Institute, accessed August 25, 2021, www.smartcitygovt.com/202021-publication.
  35. Brian Buntz, “The World’s 5 Smartest Cities,” IoT World Today, May 18, 2016, www.iotworldtoday.com/2016/05/18/world-s-5-smartest-cities/.
  36. Jacob Corvidae, Chiara dalla Chiesa, Robert Denda et al., “Net Zero Carbon Cities: An Integrated Approach,” January 11, 2021, www.weforum.org/reports/net-zero-carbon-cities-an-integrated-approach.
  37. Gordon Feller, personal email interview with industry expert, June 8, 2020.
  38. Andrew J. Hawkins, “Kansas City Just Installed Free Public WI-FI and Dozens of ‘Smart’ Streetlights,” The Verge, May 9, 2016, www.theverge.com/2016/5/9/11640558/kansas-city-free-public-wifi-smart-streelights-google-sprint-cisco.
  39. “What is City Possible,” City Possible, accessed September 8, 2021, https://citypossible.com/about/#textwithmap.
  40. SMC Labs, San Mateo County, accessed September 7, 2021, https://smclabs.io/about-us/.
  41. “Urbanization: Expanding Opportunities, but Deeper Divides,” Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, February 21, 2020, www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/social/urbanization-expanding-opportunities-but-deeper-divides.html.
  42. Skip Descant, “Phoenix Partnership Promises to Further Regional Smart Cities Work,” Government Technology, October 1, 2018, www.govtech.com/products/phoenix-partnership-promises-to-further-regional-smart-cities-work.html.
  43. “Bowman Helping Phoenix Become a Top Tech-Driven ‘Smart Region’,” Arizona State University, July 18, 2020, https://sustainability-innovation.asu.edu/news/archive/bowman-helping-phoenix-become-a-top-tech-driven-smart-region/.
  44. Diana Bowman, personal email interview with academic expert, March 12, 2021.
  45. “Metro21: Smart Cities Institute,” Carnegie Mellon University, accessed September 8, 2021, www.cmu.edu/metro21/about/index.html.
  46. “Smart City Challenge,” United States Department of Transportation, December 29, 2016, www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/Smart%20City%20Challenge%20Lessons%20Learned.pdf.
  47. “City of Pittsburgh Proposal, Beyond Traffic: The Smart City Challenge,” United States Department of Transportation, February 4, 2016, www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/Pittsburgh%20Vision%20Narrative.pdf.
  48. “World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Highlights,” p. 7, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019, https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf.
  49. “Report on the Environment,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, accessed August 26, 2021, www.epa.gov/report-environment/indoor-air-quality.

CHAPTER 8

  1. Rossella Lorenzi, “Rome’s Oldest Aqueduct,” Archaeology, January 2018, www.archaeology.org/issues/281-1801/features/6178-rome-aqua-appia-aqueduct.
  2. Richard Bruschi, “The Ancient Roman Road, a Timeless Engineering Feat,” History of Yesterday, October 17, 2020, https://historyofyesterday.com/the-ancient-roman-road-a-timeless-engineering-feat-f09538ea24d7.
  3. Artemis Zafari, “The Water System of Ancient Rome,” Engineering Rome, December 6, 2019, http://engineeringrome.org/the-water-system-of-ancient-rome/.
  4. Giovanni De Feo, Andreas N. Angelakis, Georgios P. Antoniou et al., “Historical and Technical Notes on Aqueducts from Prehistoric to Medieval Times,” Water 5, 1996–2025, November 28, 2013, www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/5/4/1996/htm.
  5. Nick Orsi, “The Engineering Behind the Via Appia,” Engineering Rome, 2013, http://engineeringrome.org/the-engineering-behind-the-via-appia/.
  6. Bruschi, “The Ancient Roman Road, a Timeless Engineering Feat.”
  7. “Eavesdrop, Fiasco, and 8 More Words with Surprising Origins,” Merriam-Webster, July 20, 2021, www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/top-10-words-with-remarkable-origins-vol-1/fiasco.
  8. “Sharing an Equitable and Sustainable Digital Future,” Infosys, 2021, www.infosys.com/sustainability/documents/infosys-esg-report-2020-21.pdf.
  9. Saskia Feast, “Deeds Not Words: The Growth Of Climate Action in the Corporate World,” Natural Capital Partners, accessed August 26, 2021, https://assets.naturalcapitalpartners.com/downloads/Deeds_Not_Words_-_The_Growth_Of_Climate_Action_In_The_Corporate_World.pdf.
  10. Bernhard Fietz and Edeltraud Günther, “Changing Organizational Culture to Establish Sustainability,” Controlling & Management Review 65, 32–40, April 8, 2021, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12176-021-0379-4.
  11. Dickon Pinner, “Decarbonizing Industry will Take Time and Money—But Here’s How to Get a Head Start,” McKinsey Sustainability, McKinsey, December 14, 2018, www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/sustainability-blog/decarbonizing-industry-will-take-time-and-money-but-heres-how-to-get-a-head-start.
  12. Spyros Sakellariadis, personal interview with industry expert, May 27, 2020.
  13. Dave Bartlett, “The Top Ten Ways We Waste Energy And Water In Buildings,” Breaking Energy, July 26, 2011, https://breakingenergy.com/2011/07/26/the-top-ten-ways-we-waste-energy-and-water-in-buildings/.
  14. Win,“We Can’t Tackle the Climate Change Crisis without Changing Construction. Here’s Why.”
  15. Corey Glickman and Jeff Kavanaugh, “Attract Talent and Conserve Resources with Smart Spaces,” Infosys, August 2019, https://www.infosys.com/about/knowledge-institute/insights/documents/attract-talent-conserve.pdf.
  16. Mike Greenberg, “Arete: The Spirit of Excellence,” Mythology Source, June 30, 2020, https://mythologysource.com/arete-greek-goddess.
  17. Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon: Founded Upon the Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon (Benediction Classics, 2010).
  18. Stephen Miller, Arete: Greek Sports from Ancient Sources (California: University of California Press, 2004), 149–152.
  19. Chris Irwin, “How Comfy are your Building’s Occupants? Part 1,” J2 Innovations, February 25, 2020, www.j2inn.com/blog/how-comfy-are-your-buildings-occupants-part-1.
  20. “Chapter 1: General Principles,” Planning, Design and Construction Guidelines, University of New Hampshire, accessed August 26, 2021, www.unh.edu/facilities/chapter-1-general-principles.
  21. Ann Cavoukian and Mark Dixon, “Privacy and Security by Design: An Enterprise Architecture Approach,” Information and Privacy Commissioner, September 2013, www.ipc.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/Resources/pbd-privacy-and-security-by-design-oracle.pdf.
  22. Scott Rose, Oliver Borchert, Stu Mitchell, and Sean Connelly, “NIST Special Publication 800-207: Zero Trust Architecture,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, August 2020, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-207.pdf.
  23. Kevin Casey, “Hybrid Cloud by the Numbers, 2020: 10 Stats to See,” The Enterprisers Project, July 27, 2020, https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2020/7/hybrid-cloud-10-statistics.
  24. “The Paris Agreement: What is the Paris Agreement?” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), accessed September 3, 2021, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement.
  25. “Paris Agreement Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Paris Agreement),” December 12, 2015, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf.
  26. George Serafeim, “Social-Impact Efforts That Create Real Value,” Harvard Business Review, September–October 2020, https://hbr.org/2020/09/social-impact-efforts-that-create-real-value.
  27. Alberto Carrillo Pineda, Heidi Huusko, Cynthia Cummis, and Alexander Farsan, “Understand the Methods for Science-based Climate Action,” Science Based Targets, February 25, 2021, https://sciencebasedtargets.org/news/understand-science-based-targets-methods-climate-action/.
  28. Ibid.
  29. “Science-Based Target Setting Manual,” Science Based Targets, April 2020, https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/legacy/2017/04/SBTi-manual.pdf.
  30. Ibid.
  31. Serafeim, “Social-Impact Efforts That Create Real Value.”
  32. Joe Kennedy, “How Induced Innovation Lowers the Cost of a Carbon Tax,” Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, June 2018, https://www2.itif.org/2018-carbon-tax-report.pdf.
  33. Alan McGill, Richard Gledhill, Malcolm Preston, Liz Logan, and Kathy Nieland, “Carbon Disclosure Project 2010: Global 500 Report,” Circle of Blue, 2010, www.circleofblue.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CDP-2010-G500.pdf.
  34. “Alphabet, Citigroup and Walmart Named Among Global Leaders on Corporate Climate Action in CDP Climate A List,” Climate Disclosure Project, January 20, 2020, www.cdp.net/en/articles/media/alphabet-citigroup-and-walmart-named-among-global-leaders-on-corporate-climate-action-in-cdp-climate-a-list.
  35. “SBTi Criteria and Recommendations,” Science Based Targets, April 2021, https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/SBTi-criteria.pdf.
  36. Ibid.
  37. “Buildings Life Cycle Assessment (LCA),” MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub, accessed September 9, 2021, https://cshub.mit.edu/buildings/lca.
  38. “Quantifying Building Life Cycle Environmental Impacts,” MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub, November 27, 2016, https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Building%20LCA_Final.pdf.
  39. Hans-Jochen Luhmann, Sabine Balk, and Hans Dembowski, “Appropriate Carbon Prices,” Development and Cooperation, May 20, 2020, www.dandc.eu/en/article/why-carbon-emissions-pricing-and-carbon-shadow-pricing-both-make-sense.
  40. Luc Hillege, “Environmental Cost Indicator (ECI)—Overview,” Ecochain, June 13, 2019, https://ecochain.com/knowledge/environmental-cost-indicator-eci/.
  41. Aashish Sharma, Abhishek Saxena, Muneesh Sethi et al., “Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings: A Review,” Elsevier, September 2, 2010, www.researchgate.net/publication/227421373_Life_cycle_assessment_of_buildings_A_review.
  42. Spyros Sakellariadis, personal interview with industry expert, May 27, 2020.
  43. Jeff Kavanaugh and Rafee Tarafdar, The Live Enterprise: Create a Continuously Evolving and Learning Organization (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2021).
  44. Jeffrey Hiatt, A Model for Change in Business, Government and our Community (Colorado: Prosci Learning Center Publications, 2006).
  45. “Principle 6: Labour,” United Nations Global Compact, accessed September 1, 2021, https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission/principles/principle-6.
  46. Ibid.
  47. “Global Nonresidential Green Buildings Market Report (2021 to 2030)—COVID-19 Growth and Change,” press release, Global News Wire, May 28, 2021, www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2021/05/28/2238060/28124/en/Global-Nonresidential-Green-Buildings-Market-Report-2021-to-2030-COVID-19-Growth-and-Change.html.
  48. Jeff Kavanaugh and Rafee Tarafdar, The Live Enterprise: Create a Continuously Evolving and Learning Organization (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2021).
  49. “Lao Tzu,” BBC World Service, accessed September 9, 2021, www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/movingwords/shortlist/laotzu.shtml.

Epilogue

  1. “UN Report Finds COVID-19 is Reversing Decades of Progress on Poverty, Healthcare and Education,” Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, July 7, 2020, https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/sustainable/sustainable-development-goals-report-2020.html.
  2. “Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021,” Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development, Development Finance, United Nations, accessed August 2, 2021, https://developmentfinance.un.org/fsdr2021.
  3. Schwab, Stakeholder Capitalism, p. xiii.
  4. Timothy Goodson, “Global Energy Review 2021,” International Energy Agency, 2021, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/d0031107-401d-4a2f-a48b-9eed19457335/GlobalEnergyReview2021.pdf.
  5. “Report on the Environment,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, accessed August 26, 2021, www.epa.gov/report-environment/indoor-air-quality.
  6. Kim Fausing, “Climate Emergency: How Our Cities can Inspire Change,” World Economic Forum, January 17, 2020, www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/smart-and-the-city-working-title/.
  7. “World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Highlights,” p. 7, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019, https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf.
  8. “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020,” United Nations, July 7, 2020, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf.
  9. “Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021,” Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development, Department of Finance, United Nations, 2021, https://developmentfinance.un.org/sites/developmentfinance.un.org/files/FSDR_2021.pdf.
  10. “Global Smart Cities Industry,” ReportLinker, May 2021, www.reportlinker.com/p05485940/Global-Smart-Cities-Industry.html?utm_source=GNW.
  11. “Estimating the Size of the Commercial Real Estate Market in the US,” Nareit, July 2019, www.reit.com/data-research/research/nareit-research/estimating-size-commercial-real-estate-market-us.
  12. Reshma Singh, Monto Mani, and Swapnil Joshi, “Decarbonize, Democratize, and Digitalize India’s Built Environment: A Transfor-mative 2050 Vision for Wellness and Resilience,” Infosys, 2021.
  13. Winston Churchill, “Their Finest Hour,” International Churchill Society, June 18, 1940, https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/their-finest-hour.
  14. Cheryl L. Mansfield, “STS-135: The Final Voyage,” NASA, July 27, 2011, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/launch/sts-135_mission-overview.html.
  15. Marina Koren, “Sunrise, Sunset, Sunrise, Sunset, Sunrise…,” The Atlantic, September 15, 2015, www.theatlantic.com/notes/2015/09/sun-international-space-station/405463/.
  16. “International Space Station Facts and Figures,” NASA, Sep 7, 2021, www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures.
  17. Johannes Kemppanen, “More than SCE to AUX—Apollo 12 Lightning Strike Incident: A Look 50 Years On,” NASA, February 24, 2021, https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap12fj/a12-lightningstrike.html.
  18. NASA Johnson Space Center, “Apollo 12 Spacecraft Commentary,” p. 14, NASA Johnson Space Center Mission Transcript History Portal, November 24, 1969, https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/mission_trans/AS12_PAO.PDF.
  19. “NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project: Edited Oral History Transcript,” NASA, January 26, 2000, https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/AaronJW/AaronJW_1-26-00.htm.
  20. Enric Sala, “Now or Never for Saving Our Natural World,” Project Syndicate, March 9, 2020, www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/global-deal-nature-biodiversity-by-enric-sala-2020-03.
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